Published Articles

"Do Accountability and Voucher Threats Improve Low-Performing Schools?", Journal of Public Economics, 90, 2006, 239-255.

"Do Returns to Schooling Differ by Race and Ethnicity?," AEA Papers and Proceedings, 95, 2, May 2005.

"Low-Income Students and College Attendance: An Exploration of Income Expectations," Social Science Quarterly (vol. 85, no. 5, December 2004).

"Accounting for Schools: Econometric Issues in Measuring School Quality," forthcoming in Measurement and Research Issues in a New Accountability Era, 2004.

"Using Market Valuation to Assess Public School Spending," (with Lisa Barrow), Journal of Public Economics 88, no. 9-10 (August 2004): 1747-1769.

"Putting Computerized Instruction to the Test: A Randomized Evaluation of a 'Scientifically-based' Reading Program," (with Alan Krueger and Lisa Markman), Economics of Education Review 23, no. 4 (August 2004): 323-338.

"The Effect of Class Size and School Vouchers on Minority Achievement," Building Skills for Black Workers: Preparing for the Future Labor Market, Cecilia A. Conrad, editor (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, Inc., 2004): 15-50.

"Putting Students and Workers First? Education and Labor Policy in the 1990s" (with Alan Krueger) in Economic Policy in the 1990s, Jeffrey Frankel and Peter Orszag, editors, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002): 663-728.

"Intraschool Variation in Class Size: Patterns and Implications" (with Michael Boozer) Journal of Urban Economics, 50, no. 1 (July 2001): 163-189.

"Wage Effects of Unions and Industrial Councils in South Africa" (with Kristin Butcher) Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54, no. 2 (January 2001): 349-374.

"Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of Blind Auditions on Female Musicians," (with Claudia Goldin), American Economic Review, 90, no. 4 (September 2000): 715-741.

"Schooling, Intelligence, and Income in America," (with Orley Ashenfelter) in Meritocracy and Inequality, Kenneth Arrow, Steven Durlauf, and Samuel Bowles, editors, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000): 89-117.

"Further Estimates of the Economic Return to Schooling from a New Sample of Twins," Economics of Education Review, 18, no. 2 (April 1999): 149-157.

"The Community College: Educating Students at the Margin Between College and Work," (with Thomas J. Kane), Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 63-84.

"Do Two-year Colleges Increase Overall Educational Attainment? Evidence from the States," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 17 no. 4 (Fall 1998): 595-620.

"Private School Vouchers and Student Achievement: An Evaluation of the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 no. 2 (May 1998): 553-602. Reprinted in The Economics of Schooling and School Quality (Eric A. Hanushek, editor).

"Schools and Student Achievement: More on the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program," Economic Policy Review, 4 no. 1 (March 1998): 61-78.

"Income, Schooling, and Ability: Evidence from a New Sample of Identical Twins," (with Orley Ashenfelter) Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 no. 1 (February 1998): 253-284; reprinted in Income Distribution, Michael Sattinger editor (United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, forthcoming).

"The Effect of Workplace Education on Earnings, Turnover, and Job Performance," (with Alan Krueger) Journal of Labor Economics, 16 no. 1 (January 1998): 61-94.

"The Underrepresentation of Women in Economics: A Study of Economics Majors," (with Karen Dynan) The Journal of Economic Education, 28 no. 4 (Fall 1997): 350-368.

"Lessons from the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program," Policy Options, 18 no. 6 (July/August 1997): 43-46.

"Labor Market Returns to Two- and Four-year College," (with Thomas Kane) American Economic Review, 85 no. 3 (June 1995): 600-614.

"Democratization or Diversion? The Effect of Community Colleges on Educational Attainment," Journal of Business Economics and Statistics, 13 no. 2 (April 1995): 217-224.

"The Varied Economic Returns to Post-secondary Education: New Evidence from the Class of 1972, Comment," (with Thomas Kane) The Journal of Human Resources, 30 no. 1 (Winter 1995): 205-221.

"What To Do After High School? The Two-year vs. Four-year College Enrollment Decision," in Contemporary Policy Issues in Education, Ronald Ehrenberg, editor (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1994): 59-88.